References

1 Health Care Financing Administration website. http://www.hcfa.gov

2 American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org.statistics/cff98/special.html.

3, 21 National Cancer Institute website. http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/clinpdq/screening/Screening_for_prostate_cancer_Physician.html.

4, 12, 15 American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/statistics/cff98/graphicaldata.html#enccbs.

5 State Center for Health Statistics and Research. "Pennsylvania Cancer Incidence and Mortality 1991-1995". Pennsylvania Department of Health. Page 133.

State Center for Health Statistics and Research. "Pennsylvania Cancer Incidence and Mortality 1990-1994". Pennsylvania Department of Health. Page 132.

7, 8, 13, 14 American Cancer Society. "Cancer Facts & Figures 1998". Pages 5 & 6.

9, 10 Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973-1994 : Tables and Graphs. National Cancer Institute. NIH Publication No. 97-2789. Bethesda, MD, 1997.

11, 16 American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/statistics/cff98/selectedcancers.html#prostate.

Coleman BC. "Prostate-cancer test may reduce biopsies". The Philadelphia Inquirer. A6. May 20, 1998.

McNeal JE, Bostwick DG, Kindrachuk RA, et al. "Patterns of Progression in Prostate Cancer". Lancet 1986;1:60-63.

19, 20, 25, 33, 34 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1996.

22, 23 Optenberg SA, Thompson IM. "Economics of Screening for Carcinoma of the Prostate". Urol Clin N Am 1990; 17(4): 719-737.

24, 26 Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al. "Comparison of Digital Rectal Examination and Serum Prostate Specific Antigen in the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Results of a Multicenter Clinical Trial of 6,630 Men". J Urol 1994;151:1283-1290.

Wasson JH, Cushman CC, Bruskewitz RC, et al. "A Structured Literature Review of Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer". Arch Fam Med 1993; 2: 487-493.

Warner J, Whitmore WF Jr. "Expectant Management of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer". J Urol 1994; 152: 1761-1765.

Mold JW, Holtgrave DR, Bisonni RS, et al. "The Evaluation and Treatment of Men with Asymptomatic Prostate Nodules in Primary Care : A Decision Analysis". J Fam Pract 1992; 34: 561-568.

American College of Physicians, Position Paper. "Screening for Prostate Cancer". Ann Int Med 1997; 126: 480-484.

Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, et al. "Randomized Controlled Trial of Fecal-Occult-Blood Screening for Colorectal Cancer". Lancet 1996; 348: 1472-1477. And Kronberg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, et al. "Randomized Study of Screening for Colorectal Cancer with Fecal-Occult Blood Test". Lancet 1996; 348: 1467-1471.

Eddy DM, Ferioli C, Anderson DS. "Screening for Colorectal Cancer". Ann Intern Med 1996.

Mandel JS, Ederer F, Church T, Bond J. "Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Which Test is Best?" [letter]. JAMA 1994; 272: 1099.